Multigenerational effects of neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin) on growth, fertility and motility of nematode <i>C. elegans</i>

Neonicotinoids are potent agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that exert insecticidal effects by causing abnormal excitation the nervous system. and their metabolites effect in mammals, including humans, have become a concern. In present study, we evaluated chronic exposure two neonicotinoids, acetamiprid (ACE) clothianidin (CTD), on Caenorhabditis elegans. We used 1, 10, 100, 1000 µM solutions nicotine, ACE, CTD dissolved 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Bioassays motility tests, which neurotoxicity assessments, were performed L1‒L2 larvae wild-type C. To evaluate over multiple generations correlation between concentrations generations, same study was conducted second third exposed group. The bioassay results showed concentration-dependent adverse effects: body length, maturity rate, lifetime number pups decreased for both ACE first generation. multi-generation intensified with progression toxicity cumulative. This more pronounced breeding studies. test effects, such as decrease behaviors tests this exposure. Thus, to may cause cross-generational especially elegans reproduction motion.